Jewish Babylonian Talmud – Tract Baba Kama (The First Gate) – The four principal tort-feasors, the different modes of restitution, vicious and non-vicious animals, appraisement before the court.
p. 1 TRACT BABA KAMA (THE FIRST GATE). CHAPTER I. THE FOUR PRINCIPAL TORT-FEASORS; THE DIFFERENT MODES OF RESTITUTION; THE VICIOUS AND NON-VICIOUS ANIMALS; THE APPRAISEMENT BEFORE THE COURT. MISHNA I: There are four principal causes of tort (expressly mentioned in the Scripture): the ox; the (uncovered) excavation; the mabeh (the pasture of one's cattle in another's field); and